The cell is the fundamental structural, biological and functional unit of living things. The typical cell contains the most outstanding visual and functional feature, the nucleus. The nucleus is the most prominent organelle which occupies about 10 % of the volume of the cell. The nucleus is the double membrane-bounded dense round cellular component which … Read more
The place where living organisms live with their surrounding forms its environment. Both physical and biotic environment together forms environment. Soil, water, air, light, temperature, topography, biogenic salt, pH, humidity, pressure, etc. form physical environment, whereas the plants, animals, microorganisms, food, parasites, enemies, etc. form the biotic environment. Living organisms and environments are interdependent. With … Read more
The term ‘ferment’ is derived from the Latin word ‘fervere’ meaning “to boil.” In the late 14th century, alchemists described fermentation process and it became the subject of scientific investigation in the 16th century. In the 1860s, Louis Pasteur studied the fermentation process. In 1897, German chemist Eduard Buechner first used fermentation process scientifically and … Read more
The enzyme is a substance that performs as a biological organic catalyst to enhance the chemical reactions. Enzymes are produced by cells but the presence of cell is not essential for their activity. All enzymes are protein in nature. Many enzymes are simple proteins and do not require any additional factor for their activity. Some enzymes … Read more
Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate animals with torpedo shaped body. They have a wide variety of shapes, colors, and sizes. There are approximately 34,000 species of fish in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Size Variations There are numerous living fish species in the world. Among them, many fish are under a few … Read more
The chordates were originated from a fish-like ancestor, very similar to the larva of the Ascidia (Tunicata) and it is assumed that they became the ancestor of the chordates by retaining the larval form throughout the life. In the palaeozoic age, the chordates were originated from some sessile Echinoderms, which were bottom dwellers of the … Read more