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The term ‘ferment’ is derived from the Latin word ‘fervere’ meaning “to boil.” In the late 14th century, alchemists described fermentation process and it became the subject of scientific investigation in the 16th century. In the 1860s, Louis Pasteur studied the fermentation process. In 1897, German chemist Eduard Buechner first used fermentation process scientifically and … Read more
The enzyme is a substance that performs as a biological organic catalyst to enhance the chemical reactions. Enzymes are produced by cells but the presence of cell is not essential for their activity. All enzymes are protein in nature. Many enzymes are simple proteins and do not require any additional factor for their activity. Some enzymes … Read more
Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate animals with torpedo shaped body. They have a wide variety of shapes, colors, and sizes. There are approximately 34,000 species of fish in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Size Variations There are numerous living fish species in the world. Among them, many fish are under a few … Read more
The chordates were originated from a fish-like ancestor, very similar to the larva of the Ascidia (Tunicata) and it is assumed that they became the ancestor of the chordates by retaining the larval form throughout the life. In the palaeozoic age, the chordates were originated from some sessile Echinoderms, which were bottom dwellers of the … Read more
Angiosperms are known as flowering plants which include the trees, herbs, and shrubs. They are vascular seed plants and form the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae. Around 300,000 species of angiosperms are found in the world which represents 80% of all the known green plants. They have a proper root system … Read more
The word respiration is derived from the Latin ‘respirare’ meaning to breathe. Generally, respiration is the physio-chemical process which leads to the chemical breakdown of materials to provide energy for life. It occurs inside the living cells of all types of organisms (from prokaryotic bacteria and Achaeans to eukaryotic protests, fungi, plants, and animals) to … Read more