Glands are a group of cells or organs of the human or animal body which play an important role to secrete particular chemical substances for various body functions. Generally, a gland consists of cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells which are located on a basement membrane. They are enveloped by a plexus or meshwork of blood … Read more
Phylum Arthropoda is the largest animal group which constitutes the largest percentage of the world’s organisms. It is estimated that about 84% of all known species of animals belong to this phylum and number of known species vary between 1,170,000 and 5 to 10 million. Besides these, many arthropods are not yet unidentified. Some prominent … Read more
Mollusca makes the second largest phylum of non-chordate animals including snails, octopuses, sea slugs, squid, and bivalves such as clams, oysters, and mussels. This phylum contains about 100,000 described species. Among all known marine species, 23% are mollusks. But some species live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. This group displays a broad range of morphological … Read more
Fungi (singular fungus) are the eukaryotic organisms that belong to the Kingdom Fungi. They have no chlorophyll pigments and vascular tissues. The body consists of a single cell to branched filamentous hyphae that often produce specialized fruiting bodies. The special characteristic of fungi is that they grow rapidly and die soon. In nature, there are … Read more
All the living organism needs energy to perform their different normal metabolic functions. Food is the source of the power of the living body. Chlorophyll-containing plants produce foods by using solar energy. This particular function for creating their food is known as photosynthesis. French physiologist Henri Dutrochet (1837) first showed that the green parts of … Read more
Micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi produce toxic substances that boost up the infection and diseases through damaging the host tissues and by troubling the immune system. The most potent and known natural bacterial toxin is Botulinum neurotoxin which has essential uses in research and medical science. At present, toxins are used as tools in cellular … Read more