Scales are small plate-shaped dermal or epidermal structures that are found in the outer skeletons of fish, reptiles, or some mammals. The skeletons of many vertebrates are covered by two types of scales, namely epidermal and dermal. Epidermal scales originate from the malpighian layer of the epidermis. Such scales are found in terrestrial vertebrates such … Read more
Cestodes or tapeworms are the members of the class Cestoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes. About 6000 species of cestodes are identified as parasites and they are mainly intestinal. They are both marine and terrestrial; vertebrates are the definitive hosts and their intermediate hosts are crustaceans, insects, annelids, mollusks, etc. The species T. saginata (beef tapeworm) … Read more
Productivity is the average rate of production of organic matter in a particular unit area at a given time, such as a day or a year. There are multiple factors in the natural system that can cause irregular changes in the rate of instantaneous rapid production. Therefore, in the case of normal research, only the … Read more
The guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) is a beautiful and popular aquarium fish. It belongs to the family Poeciliidae under order Cyprinodontiformes of class Actinopterygii. It is native to Northeast South America, but now it is found all over the world. It prefers to live in smaller streams and pools. Systematic Position Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata … Read more
Hemorrhage is the escape of blood from a blood vessel or the heart. In rupture of the wall of a vessel, hemostatic mechanisms start to control the hemorrhage. A small hemorrhage may have no bad effect but an acute massive hemorrhage threatens the life. Chronic blood loss produces an iron-deficiency anemia. Hemorrhage may be local … Read more
Auxin is a indole radicle plant hormone which is produced by growing tip of a coleoptile and influence growth rate of the cells and also encourages the length of roots and stems of plants. This type of hormone contains different types of organic acid. The plant hormone auxin and its role were first discovered by … Read more